Kernel bypass technologies eliminate these bottlenecks by allowing applications to directly access NIC hardware, reducing latency to <1µs in optimized setups.

Below is a conceptual framework for an ultra low latency market making system combining futures and options. This is a simplified version that would need significant customization for a billion-dollar HFT firm.

  This article provides an exhaustive analysis of a next-generation High Frequency Trading Engine (HFT) architecture.

Today, as evidenced by recent demonstrations in the quantitative trading community, the paradigm has shifted.